Ground volume ratio of photovoltaic panels

How do you calculate a PV mounting system?

The amount of the PV mounting system, in m 2 , equals the land area needed for the PV electricity plant, which is 100 m 2 as assumed. Equation (1) GCR : Ground cover ratio, which refers to the size of net PV modules, divided by the equivalent ground area of the PV power plant, under specific tilt and azimuth .

What are general guidelines for determining the layout of photovoltaic (PV) arrays?

General guidelines for determining the layout of photovoltaic (PV) arrays were historically developed for monofacial fixed-tilt systems at low-to-moderate latitudes. As the PV market progresses toward bifacial technologies , tracked systems, higher latitudes, and land-constrained areas, updated flexible and representational guidelines are required.

What is ground coverage ratio?

The ground coverage ratio is defined as $$ {\text {GCR}} = {\text {Area of solar panels}}/ {\text {Area of the land used for the AV system}}$$ The area of the land used for the AV system is the area below and between the solar panels. It also includes a border area around the system, whose width equals half the distance between the rows of panels.

What is a photovoltaic performance ratio?

A photovoltaic (PV) module's performance ratio (PR) is a measurement of the module's actual energy output in comparison to its expected energy output based on its rated power and the quantity of solar radiation it receives. The ratio of the final yield to the reference yield can also be used to describe it. (13) P R = Y F Y R 2.6.6. Capacity factor

What is a good ground coverage ratio for a solar farm?

... Doubleday et al. recommend a ground coverage ratio GCR value of no more than 0.45 for solar farms to limit conventional loss . Therefore, the GCR value for AVS should be lower. ...

What is a typical GCR for ground-mounted photovoltaic systems?

A typical GCR for ground-mounted photovoltaic systems is 50–60%. Tonita et al. (2023) showed that at latitudes ranging from 17° N to 75° N, the efficiency of fixed-tilt arrays peaks for GCRs between 50 and 70%. Detailed measurements of the radiation available under the panels of several agrivoltaic power stations have been published.