Photovoltaic module secondary standard board production

Where can I find a report on crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules?

This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at Woodhouse, Michael. Brittany Smith, Ashwin Ramdas, and Robert Margolis. 2019. Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Module Manufacturing Costs and Sustainable Pricing: 1H 2018 Benchmark and Cost Reduction Roadmap.

How are photovoltaic modules regulated?

The production of photovoltaic modules in the United States is regulated by the federal Clean Air (1970) and Clean Water (1972) Acts that are applied to any industrial production.

Are Sc-Si PV modules a low-carbon pillar of the energy transition?

With a carbon footprint of 420–810 kg CO 2 -eq/kW p and 13–30 g CO 2 -eq/kWh (excluding BOS), this study shows that current sc-Si PV modules are indeed a low-carbon pillar of the energy transition, emitting even less carbon than previously expected.

Where can I find a report on photovoltaic modules?

This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at Smith, Brittany L., Michael Woodhouse, Kelsey A. W. Horowitz, Timothy J. Silverman, Jarett Zuboy, and Robert M. Margolis. 2021. Photovoltaic (PV) Module Technologies: 2020 Benchmark Costs and Technology Evolution Framework Results.

What are the regulatory levels for photovoltaic systems?

At least three regulatory levels for the production, installation, operation and end of life of photovoltaic systems can be considered. Additionally, the Life Cycle Assessment methodology is also regulated by standards. In this chapter, the three levels are presented.

Are Sc-Si PV systems based on old data?

As this study uses state-of-the-art industry data concerning cell efficiency, wafer thickness, kerfloss, energy and material requirements during production, its results are considerably lower than previous LCAs of sc-Si PV systems that rely on older data.